Medically reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, MD on March 15, 2017 — Written by the Healthline Editorial Team
What is a concussion?
A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). It can occur after an impact to your head or after a whiplash-type injury that causes your head and brain to shake quickly back and forth. A concussion results in an altered mental state that may include becoming unconscious.
Anyone can become injured during a fall, car accident, or any other daily activity. If you participate in impact sports such as football or boxing, you have an increased risk of getting a concussion. Concussions are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause serious symptoms that require medical treatment.
A concussion is different from a contusion. A concussion specifically affects your brain, but contusions are bruises. Contusions can occur on your head, but they aren't typically serious and tend to resolve within several days.
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of a concussion
Symptoms of a concussion vary depending on both the severity of the injury and the person injured. It's not true that a loss of consciousness always occurs with a concussion. Some people do experience a loss of consciousness, but others don't.
It's important to understand the symptoms you could go through yourself when you're having a concussion, as well as the signs of someone else having a concussion.
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of a concussion
Symptoms of a concussion vary depending on both the severity of the injury and the person injured. It’s not true that a loss of consciousness always occurs with a concussion. Some people do experience a loss of consciousness, but others don’t.
It’s important to understand the symptoms you could go through yourself when you’re having a concussion, as well as the signs of someone else having a concussion.
If you or someone you know experiences any of these symptoms after an injury, seek immediate emergency medical treatment or call 911.
Concussion symptoms in babies
Concussion symptoms can vary in babies. These may not be as noticeable at first, since babies don’t exhibit slurred speech, walking difficulties, and other hallmark symptoms that can be exhibited bychildrenand adults.
Some common signs of a concussion in babies include:
vomiting
drainage from their mouth, ears, or nose
irritability
drowsiness
Rarely, concussions can cause permanent brain damage. While most babies recover from concussions, it’s important to have them checked out by a doctor. Seek immediate medical help if your baby is unconscious.
Emergency symptoms: When to see a doctor
See a doctor if you suspect that you or someone else has a concussion. If a concussion occurs during sports practice or a game, tell the athletic coach and go to a doctor.
Concussions may be accompanied by injuries to the spine. If you think a person has a neck or back injury, avoid moving them and call an ambulance for help. If you absolutely must move the person, do so very carefully. You should try to keep the person’s neck and back as stationary as possible. This will avoid causing further damage to the spine.
Internal bleeding is one of the most serious consequences of trauma. Usually, the bleeding results from obvious injuries that require rapid medical attention. Internal bleeding may also occur after a less severe trauma or be delayed by hours or days. Some internal bleeding due to trauma stops on its own. If the bleeding continues or is severe, surgery is required to correct it.
Internal bleeding may occur after any significant physical injury. There are two main types of trauma, and either may cause internal bleeding:
Blunt trauma. This kind of trauma happens when a body part collides with something else, usually at high speed. Blood vessels inside the body are torn or crushed either by shear forces or a blunt object. Examples are car accidents, physical assaults, and falls.
Penetrating trauma. This happens when a foreign object penetrates the body, tearing a hole in one or more blood vessels. Examples are gunshot wounds, stabbings, or falling onto a sharp object.
Almost any organ or blood vessel can be damaged by trauma and cause internal bleeding. The most serious sources of internal bleeding due to trauma are:
Head trauma with internal bleeding (intracranial hemorrhage)
Bleeding around the heart (hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade)
Tears in the large blood vessels near the center of the body (aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and their major branches)
Damage caused by trauma to the abdomen such as liver or spleen lacerations or perforation of other organs
Symptoms of Internal Bleeding Due to Trauma
In the large majority of cases of internal bleeding that results from trauma, the injury is obvious and serious. People naturally seek immediate medical help because of pain. Or witnesses call 911.
Sometimes, internal bleeding may occur after a less severe trauma. As the bleeding continues, symptoms appear and steadily get worse. Symptoms depend on the type of trauma and what body part was involved. For example:
Abdominal pain and/or swelling can be caused by Internal bleeding from trauma in the liver or spleen. These symptoms get worse as the bleeding continues.
Light-headedness, dizziness, or fainting can result from any source of internal bleeding once enough blood is lost.
A large area of deeply purple skin (called ecchymosis) can result from bleeding into the skin and soft tissues.
Swelling, tightness, and pain in the leg can result from internal bleeding in the thigh. Most often, this is caused by a fracture of the thighbone.
Any of these signs of internal bleeding after a trauma should be treated as a medical emergency. The injured person needs to be evaluated in a hospital emergency room.
Treatments for Internal Bleeding Due to Trauma
Internal bleeding damages the body both from the loss of blood and from the pressure the misplaced blood puts on other organs and tissues. Treatment usually takes place in a hospital's emergency department.
Intravenous fluids and blood transfusions may be given to prevent or correct an unsafe drop in blood pressure.
Imaging tests (usually an ultrasound, CT scan, or both) can identify whether internal bleeding is present. Doctors consider the amount of internal bleeding along with the injured person's blood pressure and severity of injuries to decide on the best initial treatment -- surgery or observation.
When internal bleeding is slower or delayed, observation may be appropriate at first. Sometimes, internal bleeding from trauma stops on its own.
Ongoing or severe internal bleeding due to trauma requires surgery to correct the problem. When internal bleeding is severe, emergency surgery may take place within minutes after arrival at the hospital.
The type of surgery used will depend on the location of the injury and bleeding:
Exploratory laparotomy: A surgeon makes a large incision in the skin of the abdomen and carefully explores the abdomen. The surgeon will seal the ends of any leaking blood vessels with a heat probe or suture material.
Thoracotomy: For bleeding around the heart or lungs, a surgeon makes an incision along the rib cage or the breastbone. Gaining access to the chest, the surgeon can identify and stop the bleeding and protect the heart and lungs from pressure caused by excess blood.
Craniotomy: For bleeding due to traumatic brain injuries, a surgeon may create a hole in the skull. This can relieve pressure and reduce further injury to the brain.
Fasciotomy: Internal bleeding into an area such as the thigh can create high pressure and prevent blood flow to the rest of the leg. A surgeon can cut deeply into the thigh to relieve pressure and gain access to stop the bleeding.
Some people have additional risk factors for internal bleeding due to trauma. These include:
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The previous time I had written in to Stomp to praise someone for a job well done, I had received comments saying that the good deed was nothing extraordinary, and that my story was not worth posting.
Yet, I feel compelled to post again for a job that is sincerely and properly done, with the subject least suspecting that I would be posting. This is precisely my motivation —- to capture unpretentious but good work.
As it seemed to me, Ms Jasmine, looked like a secondary-school student part-timing at this branch of McDonald's during her school holidays. (Just my conjecture.) In any case, I deem her service at the cashier courteous, sincere and effective. As usual, I tend to stumble over my words at the counter while trying to convey what I want to order. Ms Jasmine did not show a tinge of annoyance, but merely gave a gingerly smile and tried to paraphrase my order, which was quite a long one —- comprising fries with no salt and fillet fish burger with no cheese. After which, she courteously directed me to check my order at display on the cash register. We were left with the final part of the order: collecting payment. I handed over to her 2 ten-dollar notes, where she courteously asked if I had a 5-cent coin, as my order amounted to $18.05 , and if I had (and indeed I do have) she would just had to return me a 2-dollar note. Finally, she greeted me with a decent "thank you" and directed me to wait by the side to collect my order, before she continued serving her next customer.
Many may deem this transaction to be expected, and hence too ordinary to fuss about. However, I feel otherwise. It is only when we recognise and write in to praise ordinary, yet sincere, good work can we send the right message to encourage many ordinary others, like Ms Jasmine, to give their best, and that I believe is a little step forward to move our society towards becoming a more gracious one.
*Take the stairs and always carry your own stuff*
This represents firm proponent of doctor Hinohara, he still takes two steps at a time climbing the stairs.
2. *Do not believe everything your doctor recommends or says*
Explore, read and educated yourself. You do not have to believe in everything your doctor says.
3. *Share what you know*
Dr. Hinohara gives 150 lectures on an annual basis in schools, business communities etc. He often shares lessons on war and peace. Do not forget that most of the lessons (90 min) are done standing up.
4. *You do not have to retire*
If you love the work you do, you do not have to retire.
5. *Plan ahead*
If you want to enjoy your life better, you have to have busy schedule fill with different appointments, lectures, work, etc. Dr. Hinohara is planning to attend the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
6. *Don't be overweight*
Dr. Hinohara consumes a tbsp of olive oil, orange juice and coffee for breakfast. Cookies and milk for lunch and rice, fish and veggies for dinner. He consumes 100g of lean meat two times a week.
7. *Energy does not come from sleeping a lot or eating well, it comes from feeling good*
You will be more happy and energetic if you eliminate strict time-regulated rules, be like children – have a lots of fun until you feel sleepy or hungry.
8. *It is wonderful to live long*
He continues serving society, he volunteers, works 18h per day, 7 days a week and he also enjoy every single moment of his life.
9. *Find a role model*
The doctor usually asks himself what his father would do when he faces with some issue.
10. *Do not worry too much, life is unpredictable and full of incidents*
The doctor was hijacked by the communist Red Army when he has 59 years old. He spent 4 days under 40 degree heat and handcuffed to his seat. He is also amazed how his body slowed down to adapt to deprivation.
11. *Science alone can not help or cure people*
The doctor believes that every illness can be cured with liberal and visual arts. He also believes in the uniqueness of every single individual.
12. *Do not be crazy for money*
The doctor is more than aware that he can not take anything when he goes!
13. *Pain is mysterious*
You have to do something fun if you want to forget about pain. The doctor found that music and animals can really help you to get rid of and mange your pain.
14. *Be inspired*
You must find inspiration in the World in order to motivate yourself. For ex: he finds motivation in the poem "Abt Vogler" by Robert Browning.
Cold Moon 2017: When to see the first and last supermoon of the year
After months of numerous celestial delights, from the dazzling Perseids meteor shower to multiple full moons, the last astronomical event of 2017 is set to end the year with a bang.
Stargazers will be in for yet another treat tomorrow as this year's final lunar display will be a spectacular supermoon.
Known as the Cold Moon, this stellar display will grace the night's sky during the beginning of December.
When is December's Cold Moon?
This year's Cold Moon falls on December 3 and will be at its brightest at 4.47pm
Of all the 12 full moons this year, December's full moon is the only one that comes close enough to Earth (222,443 miles) to maintain supermoon status.
When the moon ascends to the centre of the sky, it will be radiating a brilliant white.
Brits will be able to see the Cold Moon without any high-tech cameras or telescopes, though these will still of course enhance the view.
Dr. David Reynolds, senior meteorologist of The Weather Channel, said: "It will be the first and last supermoon of the year, the Moon making closest approach (perigee) at 08.45 GMT on Monday morning when it will be 222,135 miles (357,492 kilometers) away from Earth.
"Supermoon is not an official astronomical term - indeed, it was first used by an astrologer (as in star signs - not stars) Richard Nolle in 1979. There are no official definitions of a supermoon, so what one source considers to be a supermoon may not be considered by another source.
"However typically the term is used when a full moon (or new moon) coincides with the closest approach to Earth (because the Moon's orbit is not perfectly circular).
"The Moon will look 12-14 per cent larger than the micromoon, when the Moon is furthest away (apogee).
"The Moon will look even larger when it is near the horizon, due to the magnifying effect of the atmosphere."
The full moon occurs slightly earlier this year, at 3.46pm on Sunday.
What is a full moon?
Full moons occur when the Earth is directly in line between the moon and the sun.
Appearing every 29 and a half days, they take place when the Moon is completely illuminated by the Sun's rays.
Each month's full moon possesses its very own special name.
Why is it called a Cold Moon?
The name fittingly relates to the chilly weather of December, as this would be the time when winter would typically tighten its grip, bringing shorter days and longer nights.
And with Christmas just a few weeks away, it's also often referred to as Moon before Yule or Long Nights Moon.
Otherwise known as the Beaver Moon, November's full moon is believed to have guided farmers for many years as it would signal when they should begin preparing for winter.
More about the moon:
The moon is not circular, but is egg-shaped with on end pointed in the direction of Earth.
The Moon rotates in sync with Earth, meaning the same side is always facing the Earth.
Similarly to earthquakes, the moon has 'moonquakes' that are caused by the gravitational pull of Earth.
It would take as long as 135 days to drive to the moon by car at 70 mph - or nine years by foot.
The moon formed between 30-50 million years after the solar system, and is now 4.6 billion years old.
Scientists believe the moon has a molten core like Earth.
This graduate's life ends with a tragic death. After further investigation, her cause of death is even more tragic
A graduate committed suicide due to stress and constant pressure from her own parents since she was young. This is what happened before she chose to end her life.
Shu-shu who was born in 1984 was the only child for couple Liu Yu (mother) and Liang Jun (father). At first, this small family lived a happy life and Shu-shu's parents determined to provide better education for their child so she could grow up to be a successful person.
However, their dream and happiness shattered into pieces when they found out that Shu-shu's growth was not normal like other young children. While most of children around her age had already learned to walk, 19-month-old Shu-shu hadn't started walking yet. She also had speech delay and had trouble to speak easy words like 'papa' and 'mama'.
Liu Yu felt disappointed with Shu-shu's conditions. She was afraid if Shu-shu ended up not being as bright as her and her husband. Liu Yu was a top graduate in her university. Her achievement was considered huge since there were not many people managed to graduate and she was one of the few top students during her time. She was also an excellent teacher and had always showed consistent performance in her career.
At the age of 35 years old, Liu Yu became the youngest person to hold a chief position at Dalian University's Department of Business Administration. Her husband, Liang Jun was a high-ranked government officer.
This couple's blessed life and success always became the talk of the town and was envied by many people.
Realising that her family's life was in the public eye, Liu Yu wanted Shu-shu to be as perfect as they were. So, she gave her daughter many kinds of food supplement that were said to be good for brain development.
Due to excessive food supplement, Shu-shu had her first menstruation earlier than most girls around her age. Liu Yu even ignored her friend's advice to stop giving Shu-shu food supplement although her friend was a doctor. She thought that the food supplement would help her daughter to become smart.
Liu Yu also hired a private tutor for Shu-shu to help her in her studies.
At last, Shu-shu managed to secure first rank for the first time when she was in Standard 5
Shu-shu's positive development encouraged Liu Yu to increase her efforts. She asked Shu-shu to participate in a national quiz competition. She expected that Shu-shu would easily win the competition but Shu-shu ended up losing. While her opponent had already knew the answer, Shu-shu was struggling to understand the question.
This had put pressure on Shu-shu. She could only write in her diary about how stressed and embarrassed she was to live under her mother's high expectation.
"I have slow reaction. I always get the last place in any activities but mama and papa never wanted to admit about this. They thought being bright is a given to me since they are top in their fields. Even though they are successful, my life is not easy. I feel so much pressured about this and I feel sorry for my parents to have a child like me."
In summer 1997, Shu-shu started studying at a junior high school. Her mother continued hiring a private tutor for her to study at night. She was determined for Shu-shu to be outstanding than other students. Liu Yu also often told Shu-shu that Shu-shu's success was due to her continuous efforts in getting the best tutor to teach her.
In 2000, Shu-shu was accepted to study at a top senior high school but she failed miserably during her first exam. Shu-shu's terrible exam results made her class teacher suspicious with how she could get into the school. Liu Yu was really angry with Shu-shu's class teacher when she found out about this. She threatened to sue her class teacher for her defamatory accusation and brought the issue to the school principal. Her class teacher apologised for the issue and Liu Yu asked for Shu-shu to be placed in a different class and not to be taught again by the same teacher.
A week after the incident happened, Shu-shu asked Liu Yu to move to a different school as she could not catch up with her studies at the school.
Liu Yu was very surprised when she heard Shu-shu's request but Shu-shu was really firm with her decision
"I can't understand what the teachers teach in the class. I think that senior high school's subjects are too tough for me. I want to take art subjects instead and work at a nursing home."
Liu Yu was furious with Shu-shu but her husband asked her to respect their daughter's decision. She could not understand why Shu-shu wanted to do so. "There are many other worse students than her but they don't just quit school. Why did she want to quit school?"
"Hey Liang Jun, listen to me! I will make sure that Shu-shu will get into a top university one day and I will never stop myself to make it happen unless I die tomorrow!" Liu Yu said to her husband.
Later in 2003, Shu-shu was accepted to study Economics at a prestigious university. Liu Yu and her husband was extremely happy with the news. They shed tears of joy upon receiving Shu-shu's offer letter from the university.
However, Shu-shu was not excited about going to the university. She failed her first semester and she was the one who failed most subjects in her batch. This time, Shu-shu wanted to just learn at her home.
She continued to write in her diary, "Mama is gifted and smart but her own daughter is not as bright as her. Mama even pushed me to study hard to become like her but I can't never be like her. Poor Mama."
With much struggle, Shu-shu eventually managed to graduate from the university
She wrote in her diary about how happy she was to finally be able to graduate.
"Passed, everyone is happy and excited to pursue their dream career. But I am the happiest among all coursemates as I do not have to study anymore. I feel so tired to have to study non-stop for 16 years and I would rather die if I had to continue doing this again," she wrote.
Liu Yu, as usual, worked hard to make sure that Shu-shu get a job. At her work, Shu-shu also struggled as her higher ups were very strict. She already got many tasks during her first day working. The pressure was too much and Shu-shu could not do her job well.
Shu-shu did ask for help from her colleagues but none of them was available to help her. Everyone was so busy to get their job done. At the end, Shu-shu was scolded by her superior and she cried.
Shu-shu did not want to work at the company and told her mother about her problem. However, Liu Yu scolded her for wanting to quit the job so Shu-shu had to continue working at the company. This had caused Shu-shu to be more stressed.
Eventually, Shu-shu couldn't bear with her stress anymore.
She committed suicide by jumping from the 21st floor
After her death, Liu Yu found a diary in Shu-shu's daughter while cleaning up her room. She then read everything that her daughter had written in the diary. "Papa, mama. I always pray that I could be the daughter that you always dream of but I couldn't. I am tired, so tired. I have to follow your interests even it's not what I want to do. I always look dumb compared to other people. I am tired and I just want to rest. Maybe I will find new friends like me in heaven."
Shu-shu's mother was devastated to read her diary. She regretted for what she had done to her daughter but it was all too late. In an interview, Liu Yu said that she wanted to share her story with others to remind every parent about this issue."
"A Turkish proverb said that 'God made low branches for birds that cannot fly well.' I took this proverb from her diary because I always pushed her to fly high while Shu-shu could not do so. So, she left us for good."
"I just wanted my daughter to live a good life and be happy."
"Every child has different potential and as parents, we must encourage them to use their potential towards their interests. Let them be who they want to be and not what we want them to be."
May every parent who read this learn a lesson from this story. We should never compare our child with other's because it well give them tremendous pressure. We should learn to listen to our child and get to know what they want in their life. Don't be fast to judge them when they can't do well. Instead, encourage and support them. At the end, they will appreciate it if we too, could show our appreciation towards their efforts.